Work with Open Road Traffic Casualty Data from Great Britain

Tools to help download, process and analyse the UK road collision data collected using the 'STATS19' form. The data are provided as 'CSV' files with detailed road safety data about the circumstances of car crashes and other incidents on the roads resulting in casualties in Great Britain from 1979, the types (including make and model) of vehicles involved and the consequential casualties. The statistics relate only to personal casualties on public roads that are reported to the police, and subsequently recorded, using the 'STATS19' accident reporting form. See the Department for Transport website < https://data.gov.uk/dataset/cb7ae6f0-4be6-4935-9277-47e5ce24a11f/road-safety-data> for more information on these data.

stats19 provides functions for downloading and formatting road crash data. Specifically, it enables access to the UK’s official road traffic casualty database, STATS19. (The name comes from the form used by the police to record car crashes and other incidents resulting in casualties on the roads.)

A full overview of STATS19 variables be found in a document provided by the UK’s Department for Transport (DfT).

The raw data is provided as a series of .csv files that contain integers and which are stored in dozens of .zip files. Finding, reading-in and formatting the data for research can be a time consuming process subject to human error. stats19 speeds up these vital but boring and error-prone stages of the research process with a single function: get_stats19(). By allowing public access to properly labelled road crash data, stats19 aims to make road safety research more reproducible and accessible.

For transparency and modularity, each stage can be undertaken separately, as documented in the stats19 vignette.

Installation

Install and load the latest version with:

remotes::install_github("ropensci/stats19")

library(stats19)
#> Data provided under OGL v3.0. Cite the source and link to:
#> www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

You can install the released version of stats19 from CRAN with:

install.packages("stats19")

get_stats19()

get_stats19() requires year and type parameters, mirroring the provision of STATS19 data files, which are categorised by year (from 1979 onward) and type (with separate tables for crashes, casualties and vehicles, as outlined below). The following command, for example, gets crash data from 2017 (note: we follow the “crash not accident” campaign of RoadPeace in naming crashes, although the DfT refers to the relevant tables as ‘accidents’ data):

crashes = get_stats19(year = 2017, type = "accident", ask = FALSE)
#> Files identified: dftRoadSafetyData_Accidents_2017.zip
#>    http://data.dft.gov.uk.s3.amazonaws.com/road-accidents-safety-data/dftRoadSafetyData_Accidents_2017.zip
#> Attempt downloading from:
#> Data saved at /tmp/RtmpAW1I3U/dftRoadSafetyData_Accidents_2017/Acc.csv
#> Reading in:
#> /tmp/RtmpAW1I3U/dftRoadSafetyData_Accidents_2017/Acc.csv

What just happened? For the year 2017 we read-in crash-level (type = "accident") data on all road crashes recorded by the police across Great Britain. The dataset contains 32 columns (variables) for 129,982 crashes. We were not asked to download the file (by default you are asked to confirm the file that will be downloaded). The contents of this dataset, and other datasets provided by stats19, are outlined below and described in more detail in the stats19 vignette.

We will see below how the function also works to get the corresponding casualty and vehicle datasets for 2017. The package also allows STATS19 files to be downloaded and read-in separately, allowing more control over what you download, and subsequently read-in, with read_accidents(), read_casualties() and read_vehicles(), as described in the vignette.

Data download

Data files can be downloaded without reading them in using the function dl_stats19(). If there are multiple matches, you will be asked to choose from a range of options. Providing just the year, for example, will result in the following options:

dl_stats19(year = 2017)

Multiple matches. Which do you want to download?

1: dftRoadSafetyData_vehicles.zip
2: dftRoadSafetyData_casualties.zip
3: dftRoadSafetyData_Accidents_2017.zip

Selection: 
Enter an item from the menu, or 0 to exit

Using the data

STATS19 data consists of 3 main tables:

• Accidents, the main table which contains information on the crash time, location and other variables (32 columns in total)
• Casualties, containing data on people hurt or killed in each crash (16 columns in total)
• Vehicles, containing data on vehicles involved in or causing each crash (23 columns in total)

The contents of each is outlined below.

Crash data

Crash data was downloaded and read-in using the function get_stats19(), as described above.

nrow(crashes)
#> [1] 129982
ncol(crashes)
#> [1] 32

Some of the key variables in this dataset include:

crashes[c(7, 18, 23, 25)]
#> # A tibble: 129,982 x 4
#>    accident_severity speed_limit pedestrian_crossing_hu… light_conditions  
#>    <chr>                   <int> <chr>                   <chr>             
#>  1 Fatal                      30 None within 50 metres   Darkness - lights…
#>  2 Slight                     30 None within 50 metres   Darkness - lights…
#>  3 Slight                     30 None within 50 metres   Darkness - lights…
#>  4 Slight                     30 None within 50 metres   Darkness - lights…
#>  5 Serious                    20 None within 50 metres   Darkness - lights…
#>  6 Slight                     30 None within 50 metres   Darkness - lights…
#>  7 Slight                     40 None within 50 metres   Darkness - lights…
#>  8 Slight                     30 Control by other autho… Darkness - lights…
#>  9 Serious                    50 None within 50 metres   Darkness - lights…
#> 10 Serious                    30 None within 50 metres   Darkness - lights…
#> # … with 129,972 more rows

For the full list of columns, run names(crashes) or see the vignette.

Casualties data

As with crashes, casualty data for 2017 can be downloaded, read-in and formatted as follows:

casualties = get_stats19(year = 2017, type = "casualties", ask = FALSE)
#> Files identified: dftRoadSafetyData_Casualties_2017.zip
#>    http://data.dft.gov.uk.s3.amazonaws.com/road-accidents-safety-data/dftRoadSafetyData_Casualties_2017.zip
#> Attempt downloading from:
#> Data saved at /tmp/RtmpAW1I3U/dftRoadSafetyData_Casualties_2017/Cas.csv
nrow(casualties)
#> [1] 170993
ncol(casualties)
#> [1] 16

The results show that there were 170,993 casualties reported by the police in the STATS19 dataset in 2017, and 16 columns (variables). Values for a sample of these columns are shown below:

casualties[c(4, 5, 6, 14)]
#> # A tibble: 170,993 x 4
#>    casualty_class  sex_of_casualty age_of_casualty casualty_type           
#>    <chr>           <chr>                     <int> <chr>                   
#>  1 Passenger       Female                       18 Car occupant            
#>  2 Driver or rider Male                         19 Motorcycle 50cc and und…
#>  3 Passenger       Male                         18 Motorcycle 50cc and und…
#>  4 Passenger       Female                       33 Car occupant            
#>  5 Driver or rider Female                       31 Car occupant            
#>  6 Passenger       Male                          3 Car occupant            
#>  7 Pedestrian      Male                         45 Pedestrian              
#>  8 Driver or rider Male                         14 Motorcycle 125cc and un…
#>  9 Driver or rider Female                       58 Car occupant            
#> 10 Driver or rider Male                         27 Car occupant            
#> # … with 170,983 more rows

The full list of column names in the casualties dataset is:

names(casualties)
#>  [1] "accident_index"                    
#>  [2] "vehicle_reference"                 
#>  [3] "casualty_reference"                
#>  [4] "casualty_class"                    
#>  [5] "sex_of_casualty"                   
#>  [6] "age_of_casualty"                   
#>  [7] "age_band_of_casualty"              
#>  [8] "casualty_severity"                 
#>  [9] "pedestrian_location"               
#> [10] "pedestrian_movement"               
#> [11] "car_passenger"                     
#> [12] "bus_or_coach_passenger"            
#> [13] "pedestrian_road_maintenance_worker"
#> [14] "casualty_type"                     
#> [15] "casualty_home_area_type"           
#> [16] "casualty_imd_decile"

Vehicles data

Data for vehicles involved in crashes in 2017 can be downloaded, read-in and formatted as follows:

vehicles = get_stats19(year = 2017, type = "vehicles", ask = FALSE)
#> Files identified: dftRoadSafetyData_Vehicles_2017.zip
#>    http://data.dft.gov.uk.s3.amazonaws.com/road-accidents-safety-data/dftRoadSafetyData_Vehicles_2017.zip
#> Attempt downloading from:
#> Data saved at /tmp/RtmpAW1I3U/dftRoadSafetyData_Vehicles_2017/Veh.csv
nrow(vehicles)
#> [1] 238926
ncol(vehicles)
#> [1] 23

The results show that there were 238,926 vehicles involved in crashes reported by the police in the STATS19 dataset in 2017, with 23 columns (variables). Values for a sample of these columns are shown below:

vehicles[c(3, 14:16)]
#> # A tibble: 238,926 x 4
#>    vehicle_type          journey_purpose_of_dr… sex_of_driver age_of_driver
#>    <chr>                 <chr>                  <chr>                 <int>
#>  1 Car                   Not known              Male                     24
#>  2 Motorcycle 50cc and … Not known              Male                     19
#>  3 Car                   Not known              Male                     33
#>  4 Car                   Not known              Male                     40
#>  5 Car                   Not known              Not known                -1
#>  6 Car                   Not known              Male                     35
#>  7 Car                   Not known              Female                   31
#>  8 Car                   Not known              Female                   37
#>  9 Car                   Not known              Female                   29
#> 10 Car                   Not known              Male                     78
#> # … with 238,916 more rows

The full list of column names in the vehicles dataset is:

names(vehicles)
#>  [1] "accident_index"                   "vehicle_reference"               
#>  [3] "vehicle_type"                     "towing_and_articulation"         
#>  [5] "vehicle_manoeuvre"                "vehicle_location_restricted_lane"
#>  [7] "junction_location"                "skidding_and_overturning"        
#>  [9] "hit_object_in_carriageway"        "vehicle_leaving_carriageway"     
#> [11] "hit_object_off_carriageway"       "first_point_of_impact"           
#> [13] "was_vehicle_left_hand_drive"      "journey_purpose_of_driver"       
#> [15] "sex_of_driver"                    "age_of_driver"                   
#> [17] "age_band_of_driver"               "engine_capacity_cc"              
#> [19] "propulsion_code"                  "age_of_vehicle"                  
#> [21] "driver_imd_decile"                "driver_home_area_type"           
#> [23] "vehicle_imd_decile"

Creating geographic crash data

An important feature of STATS19 data is that the “accidents” table contains geographic coordinates. These are provided at ~10m resolution in the UK’s official coordinate reference system (the Ordnance Survey National Grid, EPSG code 27700). stats19 converts the non-geographic tables created by format_accidents() into the geographic data form of the sf package with the function format_sf() as follows:

crashes_sf = format_sf(crashes)
#> 19 rows removed with no coordinates

The note arises because NA values are not permitted in sf coordinates, and so rows containing no coordinates are automatically removed. Having the data in a standard geographic form allows various geographic operations to be performed on it. The following code chunk, for example, returns all crashes within the boundary of West Yorkshire (which is contained in the object police_boundaries, an sf data frame containing all police jurisdictions in England and Wales).

library(sf)
#> Linking to GEOS 3.7.0, GDAL 2.3.2, PROJ 5.2.0
library(dplyr)
#> 
#> Attaching package: 'dplyr'
#> The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
#> 
#>     filter, lag
#> The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
#> 
#>     intersect, setdiff, setequal, union
wy = filter(police_boundaries, pfa16nm == "West Yorkshire")
crashes_wy = crashes_sf[wy, ]
nrow(crashes_sf)
#> [1] 129963
nrow(crashes_wy)
#> [1] 4371

This subsetting has selected the 4,371 crashes which occurred within West Yorkshire in 2017.

Joining tables

The three main tables we have just read-in can be joined by shared key variables. This is demonstrated in the code chunk below, which subsets all casualties that took place in Leeds, and counts the number of casualties by severity for each crash:

sel = casualties$accident_index %in% crashes_wy$accident_index
casualties_wy = casualties[sel, ]
cas_types = casualties_wy %>% 
  select(accident_index, casualty_type) %>% 
  mutate(n = 1) %>% 
  group_by(accident_index, casualty_type) %>% 
  summarise(n = sum(n)) %>% 
  tidyr::spread(casualty_type, n, fill = 0) 
cas_types$Total = rowSums(cas_types[-1])
cj = left_join(crashes_wy, cas_types, by = "accident_index")

What just happened? We found the subset of casualties that took place in West Yorkshire with reference to the accident_index variable. Then we used functions from the tidyverse package dplyr (and spread() from tidyr) to create a dataset with a column for each casualty type. We then joined the updated casualty data onto the crashes_wy dataset. The result is a spatial (sf) data frame of crashes in Leeds, with columns counting how many road users of different types were hurt. The original and joined data look like this:

crashes_wy[1:2, c(1, 5)] %>% st_drop_geometry()
#> # A tibble: 2 x 2
#>   accident_index accident_severity
#> * <chr>          <chr>            
#> 1 2017120009776  Slight           
#> 2 2017120010412  Slight
cas_types[1:2, c("accident_index", "Cyclist")]
#> # A tibble: 2 x 2
#> # Groups:   accident_index [2]
#>   accident_index Cyclist
#>   <chr>            <dbl>
#> 1 2017120009776        0
#> 2 2017120010412        1
cj[1:2, c(1, 5, 34)] %>% st_drop_geometry()
#> # A tibble: 2 x 3
#>   accident_index accident_severity Cyclist
#> * <chr>          <chr>               <dbl>
#> 1 2017120009776  Slight                  0
#> 2 2017120010412  Slight                  1

Mapping crashes

The join operation added a geometry column to the casualty data, enabling it to be mapped (for more advanced maps, see the vignette):

cex = cj$Total / 3
plot(cj["speed_limit"], cex = cex)

The spatial distribution of crashes in West Yorkshire clearly relates to the region’s geography. Crashes tend to happen on busy Motorway roads (with a high speed limit, of 70 miles per hour, as shown in the map above) and city centres, of Leeds and Bradford in particular. The severity and number of people hurt (proportional to circle width in the map above) in crashes is related to the speed limit. This can be seen by comparing the previous map with an overview of the area, from an academic paper on the social, spatial and temporal distribution of bike crashes in West Yorkshire (Lovelace, Roberts, and Kellar 2016):

Time series analysis

We can also explore seasonal trends in crashes by aggregating crashes by day of the year:

library(ggplot2)
crashes_dates = cj %>% 
  st_set_geometry(NULL) %>% 
  group_by(date) %>% 
  summarise(
    walking = sum(Pedestrian),
    cycling = sum(Cyclist),
    passenger = sum(`Car occupant`)
    ) %>% 
  tidyr::gather(mode, casualties, -date)
ggplot(crashes_dates, aes(date, casualties)) +
  geom_smooth(aes(colour = mode), method = "loess") +
  ylab("Casualties per day")

Different types of crashes also tend to happen at different times of day. This is illustrated in the plot below, which shows the times of day when people who were travelling by different modes were most commonly injured.

library(stringr)
 
crash_times = cj %>% 
  st_set_geometry(NULL) %>% 
  group_by(hour = as.numeric(str_sub(time, 1, 2))) %>% 
  summarise(
    walking = sum(Pedestrian),
    cycling = sum(Cyclist),
    passenger = sum(`Car occupant`)
    ) %>% 
  tidyr::gather(mode, casualties, -hour)
 
ggplot(crash_times, aes(hour, casualties)) +
  geom_line(aes(colour = mode))

Note that cycling manifests distinct morning and afternoon peaks (see Lovelace, Roberts, and Kellar 2016 for more on this).

Next steps

There is much important research that needs to be done to help make the transport systems in many cities safer. Even if you’re not working with UK data, we hope that the data provided by stats19 data can help safety researchers develop new methods to better understand the reasons why people are needlessly hurt and killed on the roads.

The next step is to gain a deeper understanding of stats19 and the data it provides. Then it’s time to pose interesting research questions, some of which could provide an evidence-base in support policies that save lives (e.g. Sarkar, Webster, and Kumari 2018). For more on these next steps, see the package’s introductory vignette.

Further information

The stats19 package builds on previous work, including:

• code in the bikeR repo underlying an academic paper on collisions involving cyclists
• functions in stplanr for downloading Stats19 data
• updated functions related to the CyIPT project

References