Multilevel B-Spline Approximation

Functions to interpolate irregularly and regularly spaced data using Multilevel B-spline Approximation (MBA). Functions call portions of the SINTEF Multilevel B-spline Library written by Øyvind Hjelle which implements methods developed by Lee, Wolberg and Shin (1997; ).

Geographic Data Analysis and Modeling

Reading, writing, manipulating, analyzing and modeling of spatial data. This package has been superseded by the "terra" package < https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=terra>.

Bitmap Images / Pixel Maps

Functions for import, export, visualization and other manipulations of bitmapped images.

Bindings for the 'Geospatial' Data Abstraction Library

Provides bindings to the 'Geospatial' Data Abstraction Library ('GDAL') (>= 1.11.4) and access to projection/transformation operations from the 'PROJ' library. Please note that 'rgdal' will be retired during October 2023, plan transition to sf/stars/'terra' functions using 'GDAL' and 'PROJ' at your earliest convenience (see < https://r-spatial.org/r/2023/05/15/evolution4.html> and earlier blogs for guidance). Use is made of classes defined in the 'sp' package. Raster and vector map data can be imported into R, and raster and vector 'sp' objects exported. The 'GDAL' and 'PROJ' libraries are external to the package, and, when installing the package from source, must be correctly installed first; it is important that 'GDAL' < 3 be matched with 'PROJ' < 6. From 'rgdal' 1.5-8, installed with to 'GDAL' >=3, 'PROJ' >=6 and 'sp' >= 1.4, coordinate reference systems use 'WKT2_2019' strings, not 'PROJ' strings. 'Windows' and 'macOS' binaries (including 'GDAL', 'PROJ' and their dependencies) are provided on 'CRAN'.

Econometric Models for Spatial Panel Data

ML and GM estimation and diagnostic testing of econometric models for spatial panel data.

Estimation of Spatial Autoregressive Models with and without Heteroskedastic Innovations

Functions for fitting Cliff-Ord-type spatial autoregressive models with and without heteroskedastic innovations using Generalized Method of Moments estimation are provided. Some support is available for fitting spatial HAC models, and for fitting with non-spatial endogeneous variables using instrumental variables.

Interface Between 'GRASS' Geographical Information System and 'R'

An interface between the 'GRASS' geographical information system ('GIS') and 'R', based on starting 'R' from within the 'GRASS' 'GIS' environment, or running a free-standing 'R' session in a temporary 'GRASS' location; the package provides facilities for using all 'GRASS' commands from the 'R' command line. The original interface package for 'GRASS 5' (2000-2010) is described in Bivand (2000) and Bivand (2001) < https://www.r-project.org/conferences/DSC-2001/Proceedings/Bivand.pdf>. This was succeeded by 'spgrass6' for 'GRASS 6' (2006-2016) and 'rgrass7' for 'GRASS 7' (2015-present). The 'rgrass' package modernizes the interface for 'GRASS 8' while still permitting the use of 'GRASS 7'.

Geographically Weighted Regression

Functions for computing geographically weighted regressions are provided, based on work by Chris Brunsdon, Martin Charlton and Stewart Fotheringham.

Spatial Regression Analysis

A collection of all the estimation functions for spatial cross-sectional models (on lattice/areal data using spatial weights matrices) contained up to now in 'spdep'. These model fitting functions include maximum likelihood methods for cross-sectional models proposed by 'Cliff' and 'Ord' (1973, ISBN:0850860369) and (1981, ISBN:0850860814), fitting methods initially described by 'Ord' (1975) . The models are further described by 'Anselin' (1988) . Spatial two stage least squares and spatial general method of moment models initially proposed by 'Kelejian' and 'Prucha' (1998) and (1999) are provided. Impact methods and MCMC fitting methods proposed by 'LeSage' and 'Pace' (2009) are implemented for the family of cross-sectional spatial regression models. Methods for fitting the log determinant term in maximum likelihood and MCMC fitting are compared by 'Bivand et al.' (2013) , and model fitting methods by 'Bivand' and 'Piras' (2015) ; both of these articles include extensive lists of references. A recent review is provided by 'Bivand', 'Millo' and 'Piras' (2021) . 'spatialreg' >= 1.1-* corresponded to 'spdep' >= 1.1-1, in which the model fitting functions were deprecated and passed through to 'spatialreg', but masked those in 'spatialreg'. From versions 1.2-*, the functions have been made defunct in 'spdep'.

Deprecated Interface Between GRASS Geographical Information System and R

This package will be archived in October 2023 together with 'rgdal'. Deprecated interpreted interface between 'GRASS' geographical information system and R. Transition to new package 'rgrass' < https://grass.osgeo.org/news/2023_06_05_retirement_of_rgrass7/>.