Functions for Epidemiological Analysis using Population Data

Enables computation of epidemiological statistics, including those where counts or mortality rates of the reference population are used. Currently supported: excess hazard models, rates, mean survival times, relative survival, and standardized incidence and mortality ratios (SIRs/SMRs), all of which can be easily adjusted for by covariates such as age. Fast splitting and aggregation of 'Lexis' objects (from package 'Epi') and other computations achieved using 'data.table'.

popEpi: Epidemiology with population data

The purpose of popEpi is to facilitate computing certain epidemiological statistics where population data is used. Current main attractions:

Splitting, merging population hazards, and aggregating

the lexpand function allows users to split their subject-level follow-up data into sub-intervals along age, follow-up time and calendar time, merge corresponding population hazard information to those intervals, and to aggregate the resulting data if needed.

data(sire)
sr <- sire[1,]
print(sr)
#> 1:   1 1952-05-27 1994-02-03 2012-12-31      0 41.68877

x <- lexpand(sr, birth = bi_date, entry = dg_date, exit = ex_date,
             status = status %in% 1:2, 
             fot = 0:5, per = 1994:2000)
print(x)
#>     lex.id      fot     per      age    lex.dur lex.Cst lex.Xst sex
#>  1:      1 0.000000 1994.09 41.68877 0.90958904       0       0   1
#>  2:      1 0.909589 1995.00 42.59836 0.09041096       0       0   1
#>  3:      1 1.000000 1995.09 42.68877 0.90958904       0       0   1
#>  4:      1 1.909589 1996.00 43.59836 0.09041096       0       0   1
#>  5:      1 2.000000 1996.09 43.68877 0.90958904       0       0   1
#>  6:      1 2.909589 1997.00 44.59836 0.09041096       0       0   1
#>  7:      1 3.000000 1997.09 44.68877 0.90958904       0       0   1
#>  8:      1 3.909589 1998.00 45.59836 0.09041096       0       0   1
#>  9:      1 4.000000 1998.09 45.68877 0.90958904       0       0   1
#> 10:      1 4.909589 1999.00 46.59836 0.09041096       0       0   1
#>        bi_date    dg_date    ex_date status   dg_age
#>  1: 1952-05-27 1994-02-03 2012-12-31      0 41.68877
#>  2: 1952-05-27 1994-02-03 2012-12-31      0 41.68877
#>  3: 1952-05-27 1994-02-03 2012-12-31      0 41.68877
#>  4: 1952-05-27 1994-02-03 2012-12-31      0 41.68877
#>  5: 1952-05-27 1994-02-03 2012-12-31      0 41.68877
#>  6: 1952-05-27 1994-02-03 2012-12-31      0 41.68877
#>  7: 1952-05-27 1994-02-03 2012-12-31      0 41.68877
#>  8: 1952-05-27 1994-02-03 2012-12-31      0 41.68877
#>  9: 1952-05-27 1994-02-03 2012-12-31      0 41.68877
#> 10: 1952-05-27 1994-02-03 2012-12-31      0 41.68877

data(popmort)
x <- lexpand(sr, birth = bi_date, entry = dg_date, exit = ex_date,
             status = status %in% 1:2, 
             fot = 0:5, per = 1994:2000, pophaz = popmort)
print(x)
#>     lex.id      fot     per      age    lex.dur lex.Cst lex.Xst sex
#>  1:      1 0.000000 1994.09 41.68877 0.90958904       0       0   1
#>  2:      1 0.909589 1995.00 42.59836 0.09041096       0       0   1
#>  3:      1 1.000000 1995.09 42.68877 0.90958904       0       0   1
#>  4:      1 1.909589 1996.00 43.59836 0.09041096       0       0   1
#>  5:      1 2.000000 1996.09 43.68877 0.90958904       0       0   1
#>  6:      1 2.909589 1997.00 44.59836 0.09041096       0       0   1
#>  7:      1 3.000000 1997.09 44.68877 0.90958904       0       0   1
#>  8:      1 3.909589 1998.00 45.59836 0.09041096       0       0   1
#>  9:      1 4.000000 1998.09 45.68877 0.90958904       0       0   1
#> 10:      1 4.909589 1999.00 46.59836 0.09041096       0       0   1
#>        bi_date    dg_date    ex_date status   dg_age     pop.haz       pp
#>  1: 1952-05-27 1994-02-03 2012-12-31      0 41.68877 0.001170685 1.000651
#>  2: 1952-05-27 1994-02-03 2012-12-31      0 41.68877 0.001441038 1.000651
#>  3: 1952-05-27 1994-02-03 2012-12-31      0 41.68877 0.001200721 1.001856
#>  4: 1952-05-27 1994-02-03 2012-12-31      0 41.68877 0.001300846 1.001856
#>  5: 1952-05-27 1994-02-03 2012-12-31      0 41.68877 0.001400981 1.003207
#>  6: 1952-05-27 1994-02-03 2012-12-31      0 41.68877 0.002142293 1.003207
#>  7: 1952-05-27 1994-02-03 2012-12-31      0 41.68877 0.002202424 1.005067
#>  8: 1952-05-27 1994-02-03 2012-12-31      0 41.68877 0.001771568 1.005067
#>  9: 1952-05-27 1994-02-03 2012-12-31      0 41.68877 0.002222468 1.007277
#> 10: 1952-05-27 1994-02-03 2012-12-31      0 41.68877 0.002282603 1.007277

a <- lexpand(sr, birth = bi_date, entry = dg_date, exit = ex_date,
             status = status %in% 1:2,
             fot = 0:5, per = 1994:2000, aggre = list(fot, per))
print(a)
#>     fot  per       pyrs at.risk from0to0
#>  1:   0 1994 0.90958904       0        0
#>  2:   0 1995 0.09041096       1        0
#>  3:   1 1995 0.90958904       0        0
#>  4:   1 1996 0.09041096       1        0
#>  5:   2 1996 0.90958904       0        0
#>  6:   2 1997 0.09041096       1        0
#>  7:   3 1997 0.90958904       0        0
#>  8:   3 1998 0.09041096       1        0
#>  9:   4 1998 0.90958904       0        0
#> 10:   4 1999 0.09041096       1        1

SIRs / SMRs

One can make use of the sir function to estimate indirectly standardised incidence or mortality ratios (SIRs/SMRs). The data can be aggregated by lexpand or by other means. While sir is simple and flexible in itself, one may also use sirspline to fit spline functions for the effect of e.g. age as a continuous variable on SIRs.

data(popmort)
data(sire)
c <- lexpand( sire, status = status %in% 1:2, birth = bi_date, exit = ex_date, entry = dg_date,
              breaks = list(per = 1950:2013, age = 1:100, fot = c(0,10,20,Inf)), 
              aggre = list(fot, agegroup = age, year = per, sex) )
#> dropped 16 rows where entry == exit
 
se <- sir( coh.data = c, coh.obs = 'from0to1', coh.pyrs = 'pyrs', 
           ref.data = popmort, ref.rate = 'haz', 
           adjust = c('agegroup', 'year', 'sex'), print = 'fot')
se
#> SIR (adjusted by agegroup, year, sex) with 95% confidence intervals (profile) 
#> Test for homogeneity: p < 0.001 
#> 
#>  Total sir: 3.08 (2.99-3.17)
#>  Total observed: 4559
#>  Total expected: 1482.13
#>  Total person-years: 39906 
#> 
#> 
#>    fot observed expected     pyrs  sir sir.lo sir.hi p_value
#> 1:   0     4264  1214.54 34445.96 3.51   3.41   3.62   0.000
#> 2:  10      295   267.59  5459.96 1.10   0.98   1.23   0.094

(Relative) survival

The survtab function computes observed, net/relative and cause-specific survivals as well as cumulative incidence functions for Lexis data. Any of the supported survival time functions can be easily adjusted by any number of categorical variables if needed.

One can also use survtab_ag for aggregated data. This means the data does not have to be on the subject-level to compute survival time function estimates.

library(Epi)
#> 
#> Attaching package: 'Epi'
#> The following object is masked from 'package:base':
#> 
#>     merge.data.frame
 
data(sibr)
sire$cancer <- "rectal"
sibr$cancer <- "breast"
sr <- rbind(sire, sibr)
 
sr$cancer <- factor(sr$cancer)
sr <- sr[sr$dg_date < sr$ex_date, ]
 
sr$status <- factor(sr$status, levels = 0:2, 
                    labels = c("alive", "canD", "othD"))
 
x <- Lexis(entry = list(FUT = 0, AGE = dg_age, CAL = get.yrs(dg_date)), 
           exit = list(CAL = get.yrs(ex_date)), 
           data = sr,
           exit.status = status)
#> NOTE: entry.status has been set to "alive" for all.
 
st <- survtab(FUT ~ cancer, data = x,
              breaks = list(FUT = seq(0, 5, 1/12)),
              surv.type = "cif.obs")
st
#> 
#> Call: 
#>  survtab(formula = FUT ~ cancer, data = x, breaks = list(FUT = seq(0, 5, 1/12)), surv.type = "cif.obs") 
#> 
#> Type arguments: 
#>  surv.type: cif.obs --- surv.method: hazard
#>  
#> Confidence interval arguments: 
#>  level: 95 % --- transformation: log-log
#>  
#> Totals:
#>  person-time:62120 --- events: 5375
#>  
#> Stratified by: 'cancer'
#>    cancer Tstop surv.obs.lo surv.obs surv.obs.hi SE.surv.obs CIF_canD
#> 1: breast   2.5      0.8804   0.8870      0.8933    0.003290   0.0687
#> 2: breast   5.0      0.7899   0.7986      0.8070    0.004368   0.1162
#> 3: rectal   2.5      0.6250   0.6359      0.6465    0.005480   0.2981
#> 4: rectal   5.0      0.5032   0.5148      0.5263    0.005901   0.3727
#>    CIF_othD
#> 1:   0.0442
#> 2:   0.0852
#> 3:   0.0660
#> 4:   0.1125

News

Changes in 0.4.6

implemented small internal changes due to upcoming data.table version

Changes in 0.4.5

fixed errors arising from new data.table version

Changes in 0.4.4

splitLexisDT/splitMulti bug fix: splitting along multiple time scales sometimes produced duplicate transitions (e.g. alive -> dead in the last two rows). see https://github.com/WetRobot/popEpi/issues/138 for details.
splitLexisDT/splitMulti now retain time.since attribute; this attribute plays a role in cutLexis
known issue: splitLexisDT/splitMulti not guaranteed to work identically to splitLexis from Epi when there are NA values in the time scale one is splitting along.

Changes in 0.4.3

survtab adjusting was broken with older versions of data.table (tested 1.9.6); therefore popEpi now requires the newest version of data.table!

Changes in 0.4.2

survtab() bug fix: standard errors were mis-specified for adjusted curves, e.g. age-adjusted Ederer II estimates. This resulted in too wide confidence intervals! SEE HERE FOR EXAMPLE: #135. The standard errors and confidence intervals of non-adjusted curves have always been correct.
survtab() bug fix: confidence level was always 95 % regardless of conf.level #134

Changes in 0.4.1

lexpand() bug fixed (#120): observations were dropped if their entry by age was smaller than the smallest age value, though entry at exit is correct and used now.
sir() rewrite (#118, #122). New more consistent output, updates on plotting and minor changes in arguments. Introduce very simple coef() and confint() methods for sir class.
new functions in sir family: sir_ag(), sir_lex() and sir_exp() for extracting SMRs from aggre and Lexis objects.
fixed issue in internal test brought by pkg survival version 2.39.5; no changes in functions were needed (#125)
robustified aggre(); there were issues with Epi pkg dev version which are definitely avoided (#119)

Changes in 0.4.0

removed previously deprecated shift.var (#35)
popEpi no longer depends on package data.table but imports it - this means the user will have to do library(data.table) separately to make data.table's functions become usable. Formerly popEpi effectively did library(data.table) when you did library(popEpi).
summary.survtab: args t and q behaviour changed
survtab: internal weights now based on counts of subjects in follow-up at the start of follow-up (used to be sum of counts/pyrs over all of follow-up)
new functions: rate_ratio(), sir_ratio()
small internal changes in preparation for data.table 1.9.8

Changes in 0.3.1

This is a hotfix. survtab() was causing warnings in certain situations, which this update fixes. Also fixed plotting survtab objects so that multiple strata are plotted correctly when one or more curves end before the longest one as well other small fixes: See Github issues #89, #90, #91, and #92.

Changes in 0.3.0

Adjusting

Direct adjusting (computing weighted averages of estimates) has been generalized. Functions such as survtab and survmean allow for using adjust() mini function within formulas, or a separate adjust argument. Weights are passed separately. See the examples in the next chapter. See also ?direct_adjusting.

Estimating functions of survival time

One can also use survtab_ag for aggregated data. This means the data does not have to be on the subject-level to compute survival time function estimates.

## prep data
data(sibr)
sire$cancer <- "rectal"
sibr$cancer <- "breast"
sr <- rbind(sire, sibr)
 
sr$cancer <- factor(sr$cancer)
sr <- sr[sr$dg_date < sr$ex_date, ]
 
sr$status <- factor(sr$status, levels = 0:2, 
                    labels = c("alive", "canD", "othD"))
 
## create Lexis object
library(Epi)
x <- Lexis(entry = list(FUT = 0, AGE = dg_age, CAL = get.yrs(dg_date)), 
           exit = list(CAL = get.yrs(ex_date)), 
           data = sr,
           exit.status = status)
#> NOTE: entry.status has been set to "alive" for all.
 
## population hazards file - see ?pophaz for general instructions
data(popmort)
pm <- data.frame(popmort)
names(pm) <- c("sex", "CAL", "AGE", "haz")
 
## simple usage - uses lex.Xst as status variable
st <- survtab(FUT ~ cancer, data = x,
              breaks = list(FUT = seq(0, 5, 1/12)),
              surv.type = "surv.rel", pophaz = pm)
 
## more explicit usage
library(survival)
st <- survtab(Surv(FUT, event = lex.Xst) ~ cancer, data = x,
              breaks = list(FUT = seq(0, 5, 1/12)),
              surv.type = "surv.rel", pophaz = pm)
 
 
## adjusting
x$agegr <- cut(x$dg_age, c(0,55,65,75,Inf))
w <- as.numeric(table(x$agegr))
st <- survtab(Surv(FUT, event = lex.Xst) ~ cancer + adjust(agegr), 
              data = x,
              breaks = list(FUT = seq(0, 5, 1/12)),
              surv.type = "surv.rel", 
              pophaz = pm, weights = w)

Rates

The new rate function enables easy calculation of e.g. standardized incidence rates:

## dummy data
 
a <- merge(0:1, 1:18)
names(a) <- c("sex", "agegroup")
set.seed(1)
a$obs <- rbinom(nrow(a), 100, 0.5)
set.seed(1)
a$pyrs <- rbinom(nrow(a), 1e4, 0.75)
 
## so called "world" standard rates (weighted to hypothetical world pop in 2000)
r <- rate(data = a, obs = obs, pyrs = pyrs, print = sex, 
          adjust = agegroup, weights = 'world_2000_18of5')
#> Warning in pyrDSMNspOBEl * pyrDSMNspOBEl: NAs produced by integer overflow
 
#> Warning in pyrDSMNspOBEl * pyrDSMNspOBEl: NAs produced by integer overflow

sex	obs	pyrs	rate.adj	SE.rate.adj	rate.adj.lo	rate.adj.hi	rate	SE.rate	rate.lo	rate.hi
0	933	134986	0.0069947	0.0002541	0.0065140	0.0075108	0.0069118	NA	0.0064822	0.0073699
1	875	134849	0.0064453	0.0002429	0.0059865	0.0069394	0.0064887	NA	0.0060727	0.0069332