Sampling Design and Estimation Methods for Natural Resource Management

Provides functions for probability and non-probability sampling design, sample selection, and population estimation tailored to natural resource management. Probability methods include simple random sampling, stratified sampling, systematic sampling, cluster sampling, and probability-proportional-to-size sampling. Non-probability methods include convenience, judgement-based, and quota sampling. Estimation functions cover means, totals, ratio estimators, regression estimators, and the unequal-probability estimator of Horvitz and Thompson (1952, ) for unequal-probability designs. Utilities support biomass, soil-loss, and carbon-stock estimation from field plots. Spatial extensions provide random, systematic, stratified, and raster-weighted sampling within geographic polygons using the 'sf' and 'terra' packages, with extraction of remote-sensing covariates at sample locations. Applications include forest inventory, soil erosion monitoring, watershed studies, and ecological field surveys.