Index of Multiple Deprivation Data for the UK

Index of Multiple Deprivation for UK nations at various geographical levels. In England, deprivation data is for Lower Layer Super Output Areas, Middle Layer Super Output Areas, Wards, and Local Authorities based on data from < https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/english-indices-of-deprivation-2019>. In Wales, deprivation data is for Lower Layer Super Output Areas, Middle Layer Super Output Areas, Wards, and Local Authorities based on data from < https://gov.wales/welsh-index-multiple-deprivation-full-index-update-ranks-2019>. In Scotland, deprivation data is for Data Zones, Intermediate Zones, and Council Areas based on data from < https://simd.scot>. In Northern Ireland, deprivation data is for Super Output Areas and Local Government Districts based on data from < https://www.nisra.gov.uk/statistics/deprivation/northern-ireland-multiple-deprivation-measure-2017-nimdm2017>. The 'IMD' package also provides the composite UK index developed by < https://github.com/mysociety/composite_uk_imd>.

Forward Selection using Concordance/C-Index

Performs forward model selection, using the C-index/concordance in survival analysis models.

Nonlinear Causal Dose-Response Estimation via Splines

Estimates nonlinear causal dose-response functions for continuous treatments using spline-based methods under standard causal assumptions (unconfoundedness / ignorability). Implements three identification strategies: Inverse Probability Weighting (IPW) via the generalised propensity score (GPS), G-computation (outcome regression), and a doubly-robust combination. Natural cubic splines and B-splines are supported for both the exposure-response curve f(T) and the propensity nuisance model. Pointwise confidence bands are obtained via the sandwich estimator or nonparametric bootstrap. Also provides fragility diagnostics including pointwise curvature-based fragility, uncertainty-normalised fragility, and regional integration over user-defined treatment intervals. Builds on the framework of Hirano and Imbens (2004) for continuous treatments and extends it to fully nonparametric spline estimation.

Calculate the Dendritic Connectivity Index in River Networks

Calculate and analyze ecological connectivity across the watercourse of river networks using the Dendritic Connectivity Index.

Spatial Dispersion Index (SDI) Family of Metrics for Spatial/Geographic Networks

Spatial Dispersion Index (SDI) is a generalized measurement index, or rather a family of indices to evaluate spatial dispersion of movements/flows in a network in a problem neutral way as described in: Gencer (2023) . This package computes and optionally visualizes this index with minimal hassle.

Matrices for Repeat-Sales Price Indexes

Calculate the matrices in Shiller (1991, ) that serve as the foundation for many repeat-sales price indexes.

Investigating New Projection Pursuit Index Functions

Projection pursuit is used to find interesting low-dimensional projections of high-dimensional data by optimizing an index over all possible projections. The 'spinebil' package contains methods to evaluate the performance of projection pursuit index functions using tour methods. A paper describing the methods can be found at .

Efficient Computations of Standard Clustering Comparison Measures

Implements an efficient O(n) algorithm based on bucket-sorting for fast computation of standard clustering comparison measures. Available measures include adjusted Rand index (ARI), normalized information distance (NID), normalized mutual information (NMI), adjusted mutual information (AMI), normalized variation information (NVI) and entropy, as described in Vinh et al (2009) . Include AMI (Adjusted Mutual Information) since version 0.1.2, a modified version of ARI (MARI), as described in Sundqvist et al. and simple Chi-square distance since version 1.0.0.

Bayesian Cluster Validity Index

Algorithms for computing and generating plots with and without error bars for Bayesian cluster validity index (BCVI) (O. Preedasawakul, and N. Wiroonsri, A Bayesian Cluster Validity Index, Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 202, 108053, 2025. ) based on several underlying cluster validity indexes (CVIs) including Calinski-Harabasz, Chou-Su-Lai, Davies-Bouldin, Dunn, Pakhira-Bandyopadhyay-Maulik, Point biserial correlation, the score function, Starczewski, and Wiroonsri indices for hard clustering, and Correlation Cluster Validity, the generalized C, HF, KWON, KWON2, Modified Pakhira-Bandyopadhyay-Maulik, Pakhira-Bandyopadhyay-Maulik, Tang, Wiroonsri-Preedasawakul, Wu-Li, and Xie-Beni indices for soft clustering. The package is compatible with K-means, fuzzy C means, EM clustering, and hierarchical clustering (single, average, and complete linkage). Though BCVI is compatible with any underlying existing CVIs, we recommend users to use either WI or WP as the underlying CVI.

Calculates the Density-Based Clustering Validation (DBCV) Index

A metric called 'Density-Based Clustering Validation index' (DBCV) index to evaluate clustering results, following the < https://github.com/pajaskowiak/clusterConfusion/blob/main/R/dbcv.R> 'R' implementation by Pablo Andretta Jaskowiak. Original 'DBCV' index article: Moulavi, D., Jaskowiak, P. A., Campello, R. J., Zimek, A., and Sander, J. (April 2014), "Density-based clustering validation", Proceedings of SDM 2014 -- the 2014 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining (pp. 839-847), . A more recent article on the 'DBCV' index: Chicco, D., Sabino, G.; Oneto, L.; Jurman, G. (August 2025), "The DBCV index is more informative than DCSI, CDbw, and VIASCKDE indices for unsupervised clustering internal assessment of concave-shaped and density-based clusters", PeerJ Computer Science 11:e3095 (pp. 1-), .