'caret' Applications for Spatial-Temporal Models

Supporting functionality to run 'caret' with spatial or spatial-temporal data. 'caret' is a frequently used package for model training and prediction using machine learning. CAST includes functions to improve spatial or spatial-temporal modelling tasks using 'caret'. It includes the newly suggested 'Nearest neighbor distance matching' cross-validation to estimate the performance of spatial prediction models and allows for spatial variable selection to selects suitable predictor variables in view to their contribution to the spatial model performance. CAST further includes functionality to estimate the (spatial) area of applicability of prediction models. Methods are described in Meyer et al. (2018) ; Meyer et al. (2019) ; Meyer and Pebesma (2021) ; Milà et al. (2022) ; Meyer and Pebesma (2022) ; Linnenbrink et al. (2023) ; Schumacher et al. (2024) . The package is described in detail in Meyer et al. (2024) .

Create Cartograms with R

Construct continuous and non-contiguous area cartograms.

A Tidy Approach to 'NetCDF' Data Exploration and Extraction

Tidy tools for 'NetCDF' data sources. Explore the contents of a 'NetCDF' source (file or URL) presented as variables organized by grid with a database-like interface. The hyper_filter() interactive function translates the filter value or index expressions to array-slicing form. No data is read until explicitly requested, as a data frame or list of arrays via hyper_tibble() or hyper_array().

Landscape Metrics for Categorical Map Patterns

Calculates landscape metrics for categorical landscape patterns in a tidy workflow. 'landscapemetrics' reimplements the most common metrics from 'FRAGSTATS' (< https://www.fragstats.org/>) and new ones from the current literature on landscape metrics. This package supports 'terra' SpatRaster objects as input arguments. It further provides utility functions to visualize patches, select metrics and building blocks to develop new metrics.

Flexible Framework for Developing Spatial Interaction Models

Develop spatial interaction models (SIMs). SIMs predict the amount of interaction, for example number of trips per day, between geographic entities representing trip origins and destinations. Contains functions for creating origin-destination datasets from geographic input datasets and calculating movement between origin-destination pairs with constrained, production-constrained, and attraction-constrained models (Wilson 1979) .

Turn Geospatial Polygons into Regular or Hexagonal Grids

Turn irregular polygons (such as geographical regions) into regular or hexagonal grids. This package enables the generation of regular (square) and hexagonal grids through the package 'sp' and then assigns the content of the existing polygons to the new grid using the Hungarian algorithm, Kuhn (1955) (). This prevents the need for manual generation of hexagonal grids or regular grids that are supposed to reflect existing geography.

Interface to Download Meteorological (and Hydrological) Datasets

Automatize downloading of meteorological and hydrological data from publicly available repositories: OGIMET (< http://ogimet.com/index.phtml.en>), University of Wyoming - atmospheric vertical profiling data (< http://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair/>), Polish Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute (< https://danepubliczne.imgw.pl>), and National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). This package also allows for searching geographical coordinates for each observation and calculate distances to the nearest stations.

Search and Retrieve Spatial Data from 'GUGiK'

Automatic open data acquisition from resources of Polish Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography ('Główny Urząd Geodezji i Kartografii') (< https://www.gov.pl/web/gugik>). Available datasets include various types of numeric, raster and vector data, such as orthophotomaps, digital elevation models (digital terrain models, digital surface model, point clouds), state register of borders, spatial databases, geometries of cadastral parcels, 3D models of buildings, and more. It is also possible to geocode addresses or objects using the geocodePL_get() function.

Satellite Derived Water Quality Detection Algorithms

The main purpose of waterquality is to quickly and easily convert satellite-based reflectance imagery into one or many well-known water quality algorithms designed for the detection of harmful algal blooms or the following pigment proxies: chlorophyll-a, blue-green algae (phycocyanin), and turbidity. Johansen et al. (2019) .

Ergonomic Methods for Assessing Spatial Models

Assessing predictive models of spatial data can be challenging, both because these models are typically built for extrapolating outside the original region represented by training data and due to potential spatially structured errors, with "hot spots" of higher than expected error clustered geographically due to spatial structure in the underlying data. Methods are provided for assessing models fit to spatial data, including approaches for measuring the spatial structure of model errors, assessing model predictions at multiple spatial scales, and evaluating where predictions can be made safely. Methods are particularly useful for models fit using the 'tidymodels' framework. Methods include Moran's I ('Moran' (1950) ), Geary's C ('Geary' (1954) ), Getis-Ord's G ('Ord' and 'Getis' (1995) ), agreement coefficients from 'Ji' and Gallo (2006) (), agreement metrics from 'Willmott' (1981) () and 'Willmott' 'et' 'al'. (2012) (), an implementation of the area of applicability methodology from 'Meyer' and 'Pebesma' (2021) (), and an implementation of multi-scale assessment as described in 'Riemann' 'et' 'al'. (2010) ().