Simulation and Resampling Methods for Epistemic Fuzzy Data

Random simulations of fuzzy numbers are still a challenging problem. The aim of this package is to provide the respective procedures to simulate fuzzy random variables, especially in the case of the piecewise linear fuzzy numbers (PLFNs, see Coroianua et al. (2013) for the further details). Additionally, the special resampling algorithms known as the epistemic bootstrap are provided (see Grzegorzewski and Romaniuk (2022) , Grzegorzewski and Romaniuk (2022) , Romaniuk et al. (2024) ) together with the functions to apply statistical tests and estimate various characteristics based on the epistemic bootstrap. The package also includes real-life datasets of epistemic fuzzy triangular and trapezoidal numbers. The fuzzy numbers used in this package are consistent with the 'FuzzyNumbers' package.

'PLINK' 2 Binary (.pgen) Reader

A thin wrapper over 'PLINK' 2's core libraries which provides an R interface for reading .pgen files. A minimal .pvar loader and a basic .pgen writer are also included. Chang et al. (2015) .

Bayesian Hierarchical Analysis of Cognitive Models of Choice

Fit Bayesian (hierarchical) cognitive models using a linear modeling language interface using particle Metropolis Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling with Gibbs steps. The diffusion decision model (DDM), linear ballistic accumulator model (LBA), racing diffusion model (RDM), and the lognormal race model (LNR) are supported. Additionally, users can specify their own likelihood function and/or choose for non-hierarchical estimation, as well as for a diagonal, blocked or full multivariate normal group-level distribution to test individual differences. Prior specification is facilitated through methods that visualize the (implied) prior. A wide range of plotting functions assist in assessing model convergence and posterior inference. Models can be easily evaluated using functions that plot posterior predictions or using relative model comparison metrics such as information criteria or Bayes factors. References: Stevenson et al. (2024) .

Procedures Related to the Zadeh's Extension Principle for Fuzzy Data

Procedures for calculation, plotting, animation, and approximation of the outputs for fuzzy numbers (see A.I. Ban, L. Coroianu, P. Grzegorzewski "Fuzzy Numbers: Approximations, Ranking and Applications" (2015)) based on the Zadeh's Extension Principle (see de Barros, L.C., Bassanezi, R.C., Lodwick, W.A. (2017) ).

Datasets to Help Teach Statistics

In the spirit of Anscombe's quartet, this package includes datasets that demonstrate the importance of visualizing your data, the importance of not relying on statistical summary measures alone, and why additional assumptions about the data generating mechanism are needed when estimating causal effects. The package includes "Anscombe's Quartet" (Anscombe 1973) , D'Agostino McGowan & Barrett (2023) "Causal Quartet" , "Datasaurus Dozen" (Matejka & Fitzmaurice 2017), "Interaction Triptych" (Rohrer & Arslan 2021) , "Rashomon Quartet" (Biecek et al. 2023) , and Gelman "Variation and Heterogeneity Causal Quartets" (Gelman et al. 2023) .

Interpretable Civic-Accountable and Responsible Machine Learning

A general-purpose framework for Interpretable Civic-Accountable and Responsible Machine Learning (ICARM). Works with any clean tabular data and automatically detects whether a task is binary classification, multi-class classification, or regression from the target variable type. Provides a single unified entry point civic_fit() alongside tidy interfaces for global and local model explanations, group-level fairness auditing, probability calibration, multi-model comparison, threshold analysis, and reproducible audit trails. Designed to support the DataCitizen-Pro research agenda at Ludwigsburg University of Education: developing data literacy, statistical reasoning, and democratic judgment formation in civic and political teacher education. References: Biecek (2018) , Kuhn (2008) , Awe (2025) < https://github.com/Olawaleawe/civic.icarm>.

Explainable AI Tools for Hydro-Climate Modelling

Provides a unified workflow for applying Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods to hydro-climate predictive models. Functions implement a permutation-based Monte Carlo SHAP estimator (Strumbelj and Kononenko (2014) ; Lundberg and Lee (2017) ), a self-contained locally weighted linear surrogate LIME (Ribeiro et al. (2016) ), and Partial Dependence Plots with Accumulated Local Effects (Friedman (2001) ; Apley and Zhu (2020) ) with hydrology-specific visualisations and interpretation utilities. Supports any model object compatible with the 'DALEX' explainer interface (Biecek (2018) ), including random forests, gradient boosting, and neural networks trained on streamflow, drought indices, flood risk, or evapotranspiration data. Hydrology-standard performance metrics Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE, Nash and Sutcliffe (1970) ) and Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE, Gupta et al. (2009) ) are computed alongside standard regression metrics. Designed to accompany the book chapter: Islam, S., Dheeraj, A., Ali, S., Kaushal, R. and Venkatesh, G. (2026). Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Hydro-Climatic Modelling: Methods, Applications, and Implementation Using the xaiHydro R Package. In Chandniha, S. K. et al. (Eds.), Hydro-Climate Analytics: Remote Sensing, AI and Geospatial Modelling. Springer.