Visualization and Analysis of Statistical Measures of Confidence

Enables: (1) plotting two-dimensional confidence regions, (2) coverage analysis of confidence region simulations, (3) calculating confidence intervals and the associated actual coverage for binomial proportions, (4) calculating the support values and the probability mass function of the Kaplan-Meier product-limit estimator, and (5) plotting the actual coverage function associated with a confidence interval for the survivor function from a randomly right-censored data set. Each is given in greater detail next. (1) Plots the two-dimensional confidence region for probability distribution parameters (supported distribution suffixes: cauchy, gamma, invgauss, logis, llogis, lnorm, norm, unif, weibull) corresponding to a user-given complete or right-censored dataset and level of significance. The crplot() algorithm plots more points in areas of greater curvature to ensure a smooth appearance throughout the confidence region boundary. An alternative heuristic plots a specified number of points at roughly uniform intervals along its boundary. Both heuristics build upon the radial profile log-likelihood ratio technique for plotting confidence regions given by Jaeger (2016) , and are detailed in a publication by Weld et al. (2019) . (2) Performs confidence region coverage simulations for a random sample drawn from a user- specified parametric population distribution, or for a user-specified dataset and point of interest with coversim(). (3) Calculates confidence interval bounds for a binomial proportion with binomTest(), calculates the actual coverage with binomTestCoverage(), and plots the actual coverage with binomTestCoveragePlot(). Calculates confidence interval bounds for the binomial proportion using an ensemble of constituent confidence intervals with binomTestEnsemble(). Calculates confidence interval bounds for the binomial proportion using a complete enumeration of all possible transitions from one actual coverage acceptance curve to another which minimizes the root mean square error for n <= 15 and follows the transitions for well-known confidence intervals for n > 15 using binomTestMSE(). (4) The km.support() function calculates the support values of the Kaplan-Meier product-limit estimator for a given sample size n using an induction algorithm described in Qin et al. (2023) . The km.outcomes() function generates a matrix containing all possible outcomes (all possible sequences of failure times and right-censoring times) of the value of the Kaplan-Meier product-limit estimator for a particular sample size n. The km.pmf() function generates the probability mass function for the support values of the Kaplan-Meier product-limit estimator for a particular sample size n, probability of observing a failure h at the time of interest expressed as the cumulative probability percentile associated with X = min(T, C), where T is the failure time and C is the censoring time under a random-censoring scheme. The km.surv() function generates multiple probability mass functions of the Kaplan-Meier product-limit estimator for the same arguments as those given for km.pmf(). (5) The km.coverage() function plots the actual coverage function associated with a confidence interval for the survivor function from a randomly right-censored data set for one or more of the following confidence intervals: Greenwood, log-minus-log, Peto, arcsine, and exponential Greenwood. The actual coverage function is plotted for a small number of items on test, stated coverage, failure rate, and censoring rate. The km.coverage() function can print an optional table containing all possible failure/censoring orderings, along with their contribution to the actual coverage function.

Identify Distributions that Match Reported Sample Parameters (SPRITE)

The SPRITE algorithm creates possible distributions of discrete responses based on reported sample parameters, such as mean, standard deviation and range (Heathers et al., 2018, ). This package implements it, drawing heavily on the code for Nick Brown's 'rSPRITE' Shiny app < https://shiny.ieis.tue.nl/sprite/>. In addition, it supports the modeling of distributions based on multi-item (Likert-type) scales and the use of restrictions on the frequency of particular responses.

Poly-Omic Prediction of Complex TRaits

It provides functions to generate a correlation matrix from a genetic dataset and to use this matrix to predict the phenotype of an individual by using the phenotypes of the remaining individuals through kriging. Kriging is a geostatistical method for optimal prediction or best unbiased linear prediction. It consists of predicting the value of a variable at an unobserved location as a weighted sum of the variable at observed locations. Intuitively, it works as a reverse linear regression: instead of computing correlation (univariate regression coefficients are simply scaled correlation) between a dependent variable Y and independent variables X, it uses known correlation between X and Y to predict Y.

Power Analysis for Meta-Analysis

A simple and effective tool for computing and visualizing statistical power for meta-analysis, including power analysis of main effects (Jackson & Turner, 2017), test of homogeneity (Pigott, 2012), subgroup analysis, and categorical moderator analysis (Hedges & Pigott, 2004).

Generating Summaries, Reports and Plots from the World Checklist of Vascular Plants

A companion to the World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP). It includes functions to generate maps and species lists, as well as match names to the WCVP. For more details and to cite the package, see: Brown M.J.M., Walker B.E., Black N., Govaerts R., Ondo I., Turner R., Nic Lughadha E. (in press). "rWCVP: A companion R package to the World Checklist of Vascular Plants". New Phytologist.

Pipeline for Topological Data Analysis

A comprehensive toolset for any useR conducting topological data analysis, specifically via the calculation of persistent homology in a Vietoris-Rips complex. The tools this package currently provides can be conveniently split into three main sections: (1) calculating persistent homology; (2) conducting statistical inference on persistent homology calculations; (3) visualizing persistent homology and statistical inference. The published form of TDAstats can be found in Wadhwa et al. (2018) . For a general background on computing persistent homology for topological data analysis, see Otter et al. (2017) . To learn more about how the permutation test is used for nonparametric statistical inference in topological data analysis, read Robinson & Turner (2017) . To learn more about how TDAstats calculates persistent homology, you can visit the GitHub repository for Ripser, the software that works behind the scenes at < https://github.com/Ripser/ripser>. This package has been published as Wadhwa et al. (2018) .

Draw XmR Charts for NHSE/I 'Making Data Count' Programme

Provides tools for drawing Statistical Process Control (SPC) charts. This package supports the NHSE/I programme 'Making Data Count', and allows users to draw XmR charts, use change points and apply rules with summary indicators for when rules are breached.

Datasets for 'spatstat' Family

Contains all the datasets for the 'spatstat' family of packages.

Toolkit for Reduced Form and Structural Smooth Transition Vector Autoregressive Models

Maximum likelihood estimation of smooth transition vector autoregressive models with various types of transition weight functions, conditional distributions, and identification methods. Constrained estimation with various types of constraints is available. Residual based model diagnostics, forecasting, simulations, and calculation of impulse response functions, generalized impulse response functions, and generalized forecast error variance decompositions. See Heather Anderson, Farshid Vahid (1998) , Helmut Lütkepohl, Aleksei Netšunajev (2017) , Markku Lanne, Savi Virolainen (2024) , Savi Virolainen (2024) .

Epigenome-Wide Mediation Analysis Study

DNA methylation is essential for human, and environment can change the DNA methylation and affect body status. Epigenome-Wide Mediation Analysis Study (EMAS) can find potential mediator CpG sites between exposure (x) and outcome (y) in epigenome-wide. For more information on the methods we used, please see the following references: Tingley, D. (2014) , Turner, S. D. (2018) , Rosseel, D. (2012) .